A Review on the Conservation Status, Ethnobotanical Characteristics and Some Biological Studies of Acorus calamus L.

This review aims to provide a comprehensive review of the conservation and ethnobotanical properties of Acorus calamus L., commonly known as sweet flag, is a perennial herb of significant medicinal, aromatic, and ecological value, native to wetlands across Asia, Europe, and North America. This plant plays a significant ecological role in its natural habitat. It helps stabilize soil and provides a habitat for various aquatic species, thereby contributing to the overall health of wetland ecosystems. The essential oils extracted from its rhizomes contain bioactive compounds such as alpha-asarone, beta-asarone, and eugenol, which have demonstrated antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, sedative, and neuroprotective properties. Ecologically, A. calamus plays a vital role in wetland habitats by stabilizing soil, filtering water, and providing a habitat for aquatic species, thus supporting the overall health of these ecosystems. However, the plant faces significant conservation challenges due to overharvesting, habitat loss, and climate change. Overharvesting driven by high demand in traditional medicine and the herbal industry has led to the depletion of wild populations, while habitat loss from wetland drainage, agricultural expansion, and urban development further threatens its survival. Climate change, with its impact on water levels and weather patterns, poses additional risks to the species' natural habitats. It is essential to implement effective conservation strategies, such as in-situ and ex-situ conservation, sustainable harvesting practices, and community-based conservation programs. These efforts are crucial to preserving this valuable species for its continued ecological benefits and potential in traditional and modern medicine.