Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and Its Key Milestones: A Review of Last Five Decades

In this mini review article, it has been discussed on progressive development of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) as a premier space agency in international space arena for executing tasks related to space-based applications, space exploration and the expansion of related technologies. Since its inception in the late 1960s, ISRO has played a pivotal role in advancing India’s space capabilities, transforming the nation into a major player in the global space community. This review article examines the historical evolution of ISRO, from its early beginnings to modern-day technological feats. Special emphasis is placed on landmark missions such as the Aryabhata satellite, Chandrayaan, Mangalyaan (Mars Orbiter Mission), and the upcoming Gaganyaan project. The discussion also underscores ISRO’s unique approach to low-cost innovation and examines how its space program has contributed to societal development through telecommunications, earth observation, disaster management, and more. Additionally, the article provides insights into international collaborations and partnerships, highlighting ISRO’s role in fostering global cooperation. The review concludes by exploring the future prospects of the Indian space program, emphasizing emerging challenges and potential opportunities.